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1 ♦ rebel
♦ rebel /ˈrɛbl/n.1 ribelle● (mil.) the rebel army, l'esercito dei rivoltosi.(to) rebel /rɪˈbɛl/v. i.ribellarsi: The army rebelled against their leaders, l'esercito si è ribellato ai suoi capi; to rebel against authority, ribellarsi all'autorità. -
2 rebel
1. n повстанец2. n мятежник, бунтовщик; бунтарьa rebel in the home — ребёнок, с которым нет сладу; неслух
3. n амер. ист. мятежник; конфедерат4. n амер. шутл. южанин; житель южных штатов США5. a повстанческий6. a мятежный, бунтарский, непокорный7. a амер. ист. мятежный, южный, относящийся к южным штатам, к армии конфедерацииRebel States — «мятежные штаты», конфедерация южных штатов
8. v поднимать восстание, мятеж, бунт; восставать, бунтоватьthe troops rebelled — войска взбунтовались; в войсках вспыхнул мятеж
9. v восставать, протестовать; оказывать сопротивление; противодействоватьto rebel against an old custom — восстать против старого обычая, отвергнуть старый обычай
10. v разг. возмущатьсяСинонимический ряд:1. dissident (adj.) dissident; factious; insubordinate; insurgent; mutinous; rebellious; seditious2. dissenter (noun) dissenter; iconoclast; insurgent; nonconformist; revolutionary; traitor3. insurrectionist (noun) agitator; anarch; anarchist; frondeur; insurrectionist; malcontent; mutineer; recreant; revolter; revolutionist; separatist4. defy (verb) defy; renounce; resist; riot5. revolt (verb) boycott; combat; insurrect; mutiny; oppose; revolt; rise; rise against; strikeАнтонимический ряд:obedient; patriot; support -
3 rebel
1. [ʹreb(ə)l] n1. 1) повстанец2) мятежник, бунтовщик; бунтарьa rebel in the home - ребёнок, с которым нет сладу; неслух
2. амер.2) шутл. южанин; (белый) житель южных штатов США2. [ʹreb(ə)l] a1) повстанческий2) мятежный, бунтарский, непокорный3) амер. ист. мятежный, южный, относящийся к южным штатам, к армии конфедерации3. [rıʹbel] vRebel States - «мятежные штаты», конфедерация южных штатов
1. поднимать восстание, мятеж, бунт; восставать, бунтоватьthe troops rebelled - войска взбунтовались; в войсках вспыхнул мятеж /бунт/
the tribes rebelled against their oppressors - племена восстали против своих угнетателей
2. (обыкн. against)1) восставать, протестовать (против чего-л.); оказывать сопротивление; противодействовать (чему-л.)to rebel against an old custom - восстать против старого обычая, отвергнуть старый обычай
workers rebelled against an increase in their hours of work - рабочие резко протестовали против увеличения рабочего дня
2) разг. возмущатьсяsuch treatment would make anybody rebel - такое обращение может возмутить кого угодно
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4 rebel
/'rebl/ * danh từ - người nổi loạn, người phiến loạn - người chống đối (lại chính quyền, chính sách, luật pháp...) - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (từ lóng) người dân các bang miền nam - (định ngữ) nổi loạn, phiến loạn; chống đối =the rebel army+ đạo quân nổi loạn[ri'bel] * nội động từ (+ against) - dấy loạn, nổi loạn - chống đối -
5 army
ˈɑ:mɪ сущ.
1) армия;
войска, вооруженные силы to command, lead army ≈ командовать армией to drill, train army ≈ проводить военные учения to rally an army ≈ сплотить армию после поражения to mobilize, raise an army ≈ мобилизовать военные формирования to equip, supply an army ≈ экипировать армию to array, commit, deploy, field;
concentrate, mass an army ≈ сконцентрировать где-л. военные формирования to inspect, muster, review an army ≈ осуществлять проверку военных частей to encircle, envelop, surround;
outfight;
outflank;
outmaneuver;
overrun an army ≈ окружить армию to surprise an army ≈ внезапно напасть на военные формирования to crush, decimate, defeat, rout an army ≈ нанести поражение армии to put an army to flight ≈ бросить в авангард военные формирования to demobilize, disband an army ≈ расформировывать армию rebel army ≈ повстанческие формирования territorial army ≈ местные военные формирования volunteer army ≈ добровольные военные формирования advancing army ≈ наступающие войска conquering army ≈ армия завоевателей defeated army ≈ разгромленная армия, пораженная армия occupation army ≈ оккупационные войска occupying army ≈ армия оккупантов victorious army ≈ армия-победительница to join the army ≈ пойти в армию the Soviet Army ≈ Советская Армия army cloth ≈ сукно армейского образца regular army standing army enter join the army Army in the Field army command army commander army headquarters army post exchange
2) множество;
масса;
армияармия (вооруженные силы страны) - the A. армия Великобритании, сухопутные войска - A. in the Field действующая армия - * of occupation оккупационная армия - to enter the * поступить на военную службу армия (оперативное объединение) (американизм) наземные войска множество, масса, толпа;
армия - * of unemployed армия безработных - * of insects тучи насекомых - the whole * of words вся масса слов Армия (в названиях обществ) - Salvation A. Армия спасения - Blue Ribbon A. Общество трезвенников военный, армейский - * bisquits (разговорное) сухари - * bible( военное) (разговорное) устав - * number личный номер военнослужащего - * troops армейские части( не входящие в состав корпусов) - A. Manual устав сухопутных войск - A. Regulations директивы по армии (в США) - * ambulance походный госпиталь - * medical service военно-санитарная служба - * surplus излишки военного имущества, идущие на распродажуarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную с ~ множество;
массаarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную с~ attr. армейский, относящийся к армии или принадлежащий армии~ cloth сукно армейского образца~ command командование армией;
army commander командующий армией;
army headquarters штаб армииarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную сarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную сarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную сarmy армия;
the Soviet Army Советская Армия;
Army in the Field действующая армия;
standing army постоянная армия;
Army at Home армия метрополии;
to enter (или to go into, to join) the army поступить на военную с standing: ~ постоянный;
установленный;
standing army постоянная армия;
standing committee постоянная комиссия -
6 army
n2) множество, масса; армия3) общество, организация•to be demobilized / to be discharged from the army — демобилизоваться из армии
to bring in the army — вводить в действие армию, пускать в ход войска
to conscript smb into the army — призывать кого-л. в армию
to crush an army — разбить / разгромить армию
to encircle an army — окружать армию; обходить армию ( с флангов)
to envelop an army — окружать армию; обходить армию ( с флангов)
to field an army — бросать / вводить армию в бой
to lead an army — возглавлять армию; вести армию ( в бой)
to levy an army — комплектовать / набирать армию; призывать в армию
to muster / to organize an army — создавать / формировать армию
to outflank an army — окружать армию; обходить армию ( с флангов)
to raise / to rally an army — собирать армию
- active armyto recruit smb into the army — вербовать кого-л. на военную службу
- advancing army
- army advances
- army attacks
- army conducts war
- army engages in combat
- army fights
- army has been put on stand-by
- army has moved in
- army in the field
- army is 1 million men under strength
- army of unemployed
- army pulls back
- army retreats
- army was out in force
- army withdraws
- colonial army
- conquering army
- conscript army
- defeated army
- disgruntled army
- expeditionary army
- Imperial Army
- insurgent army
- invasion army
- invincible army
- IRA
- Irish Republican Army
- liberation army
- maintenance of the army
- mercenary army
- national army
- national-liberation army
- occupation army
- occupying army
- people's army
- People's Liberation Army
- PLA
- professional army
- rebel army
- recruit army
- Red Army
- regular army
- reserve army of labor
- retreating army
- Salvation Army
- standing army
- strategic army
- territorial army
- victorious army
- voluntary army
- volunteer army -
7 army
['ɑːmɪ]сущ.1) армия; войска, вооруженные силыto command / lead an army — командовать армией
to drill / train an army — проводить военные учения
to enter / join the army — поступить на военную службу
to mobilize / raise an army — мобилизовать военные формирования
to equip / supply an army — экипировать армию
to array / commit / deploy / field / concentrate / mass an army — сконцентрировать военные формирования
to inspect / muster / review an army — осуществлять проверку военных частей
to encircle / envelop / surround an army — окружить армию
to outflank — окружать армию ( противника) с флангов
to outmaneuver — добиться преимущества над армией, благодаря удачному манёвру
to overrun an army — разбить, разгромить армию
to crush / decimate / defeat / rout an army — нанести поражение армии
to demobilize / disband an army — расформировывать армию
- Army in the Fielddefeated army — разгромленная армия, пораженная армия
- army command
- army commander
- army headquarters
- army post exchange2) множество, масса; армия -
8 rebel
1. 'rebl noun1) (a person who opposes or fights against people in authority, eg a government: The rebels killed many soldiers; (also adjective) rebel troops.) rebelde2) (a person who does not accept the rules of normal behaviour etc: My son is a bit of a rebel.) rebelde
2. rə'bel verb(to fight (against people in authority): The people rebelled against the dictator; Teenagers often rebel against their parents' way of life.) rebelarse- rebellious
- rebelliously
- rebelliousness
rebel1 n rebelderebel2 vb rebelarse1 rebelde1 rebelde nombre masulino o femenino1 rebelarse ( against, contra)rebel ['rɛbəl] adj: rebelderebel ['rɛbəl] n: rebelde mfadj.• insurrecto, -a adj.• rebelde adj.n.• aleve s.m.• amotinador, -ora s.m.,f.• faccioso s.m.• insurrecto s.m.• rebelde s.m.• revoltoso s.m.• sedicioso s.m.v.• amotinar v.• insubordinar v.• insurreccionar v.• pronunciar v.• rebelarse v.• sublevar v.
I 'rebəlnoun rebelde mf; (before n) <forces, army> rebelde
II rɪ'bel['rebl]to rebel (AGAINST something/somebody) — rebelarse or sublevarse (contra algo/alguien)
1.N rebelde mf2.[rɪ'bel]VI (=rise up) rebelarse, sublevarse; (=refuse to conform) rebelarseto rebel against sth/sb — rebelarse contra algo/algn
at the sight of all that food, his stomach rebelled — su estómago se rebeló al ver tanta comida
I tried to get up but my legs rebelled — intenté levantarme pero mis piernas se negaron or no me respondieron las piernas
3.ADJ [forces, soldiers, factions] rebelde4.CPDrebel leader N — cabecilla mf
* * *
I ['rebəl]noun rebelde mf; (before n) <forces, army> rebelde
II [rɪ'bel]to rebel (AGAINST something/somebody) — rebelarse or sublevarse (contra algo/alguien)
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9 rebel
̘. ̈n.ˈrebl
1. сущ.
1) повстанец, участник восстания, восставший;
мятежник, участник мятежа fighting between rebels and government forces ≈ сражение между повстанцами и правительственными войсками Syn: insurgent, insurrectionist, mutineer, rioter
2) бунтарь, бунтовщик;
непокорный человек a rebel in the home ≈ неслух He had been a rebel at school. ≈ В школе он был бунтовщиком.
3) (часто Rebel) амер.;
ист. мятежник (о южанах в гражданской войне 1861≈1865 гг.) ;
конфедерат
2. прил.
1) повстанческий rebel forces in Liberia ≈ повстанческие силы в Либерии
2) мятежный, бунтарский, непокорный
3) амер.;
ист. мятежный, южный, относящийся к южным штатам, к армии конфедерации Rebel States ≈ "мятежные штаты", конфедерация южных штатов
3. гл.
1) поднимать восстание, мятеж, бунт;
бунтовать, восставать The citizens at last rebelled against their cruel rulers. ≈ Наконец, жители подняли восстание против жестокого правительства.
2) протестовать, противодействовать;
оказывать сопротивление Children naturally rebel against their parents. ≈ Дети совершенно естественно восстают против своих родителей.
3) разг. возмущаться Rebelling at waiting any longer for the meal, they left the restaurant. ≈ Возмутившись, что им пришлось так долго ждать, пока им подадут, они ушли из ресторана. повстанец мятежник, бунтовщик;
бунтарь - a * in the home ребенок, с которым нет сладу;
неслух (американизм) (часто R.) (историческое) мятежник (о южанах в гражданской войне 1861-1865 гг.) ;
конфедерат (американизм) южанин;
(белый) житель южных штатов США повстанческий - the * army повстанческая армия мятежный, бунтарский, непокорный (американизм) (историческое) мятежный, южный, относящийся к южным штатам, к армии конфедерации - R.States "мятежные штаты", конфедерация южных штатов - * yell (традиционный) клич солдат армии южан поднимать восстание, мятеж, бунт;
восставать, бунтовать - the troops *led войска взбунтовались;
в войсках вспыхнул мятеж /бунт/ - the tribes *led against their oppressors племена восстали против своих угнетателей (обыкн. against) восставать, протестовать (против чего-л.) ;
оказывать сопротивление;
противодействовать (чему-л.) - to * against an old custom восстать против старого обычая, отвергнуть старый обычай - to * against one's fate пойти наперекор своей судьбе - workers *led against an increase in their hours of work рабочие резко протестовали против увеличения рабочего дня (обыкн. against) (разговорное) возмущаться - such treatment would make anybody * такое обращение может возмутить кого угодно rebel бунтовщик;
мятежник ~ разг. возмущаться (against - чем-л.) ~ восставать (against) ~ восставать ~ повстанец ~ повстанец, бунтовщик, мятежник ~ протестовать, противодействовать;
оказывать сопротивление ~ attr. мятежный;
бунтарский;
повстанческий -
10 rebel
1. nounRebell, der/Rebellin, die2. attributive adjective1) (of rebels) Rebellen-3. intransitive verb,- ll- rebellieren* * *1. ['rebl] noun1) (a person who opposes or fights against people in authority, eg a government: The rebels killed many soldiers; ( also adjective) rebel troops.) der/die Rebell(in), Rebellen-...2) (a person who does not accept the rules of normal behaviour etc: My son is a bit of a rebel.) der/die Rebell(in)2. [rə'bel] verb(to fight (against people in authority): The people rebelled against the dictator; Teenagers often rebel against their parents' way of life.) rebellieren- academic.ru/60610/rebellion">rebellion- rebellious
- rebelliously
- rebelliousness* * *re·belI. n[ˈrebəl]II. n[ˈrebəl]1. army, guerrillas, forces aufständisch, rebellierend2. person rebellischIII. vi<- ll->[rɪˈbel]1. (oppose)2. (show repugnance) rebellierenhis conscience \rebelled at the thought of keeping the stolen money sein Gewissen plagte ihn bei dem Gedanken, das gestohlene Geld zu behalten* * *['rebl]1. nRebell(in) m(f), Aufrührer(in) m(f); (by nature) Rebell(in) m(f)2. adj attrrebellisch; forces, troops also aufständisch3. vi[rɪ'bel] rebellieren; (troops, forces also) sich erheben* * *rebel [ˈrebl]A s1. Rebell(in) (auch fig), Aufrührer(in)B adj1. rebellisch, aufrührerisch2. Rebellen…against gegen)* * *1. nounRebell, der/Rebellin, die2. attributive adjective1) (of rebels) Rebellen-2) (refusing obedience to ruler) rebellisch; aufständisch3. intransitive verb,- ll- rebellieren* * *n.Rebell -en m. v.aufbäumen v.auflehnen v. -
11 rebel
re·bel n [ʼrebəl]1) army, guerrillas, forces aufständisch, rebellierend1) ( oppose)2) ( show repugnance) rebellieren;his conscience \rebelled at the thought of keeping the stolen money sein Gewissen plagte ihn bei dem Gedanken, das gestohlene Geld zu behalten -
12 rebel
1. nвосставший, повстанец, бунтовщик, мятежник- army rebels 2. attrto clear the rebels from the city — очищать город от мятежников / повстанцев
восставший, повстанческий; мятежный3. vподнимать восстание, поднимать мятеж; бунтовать; восставать, ( against) протестовать -
13 Desert Army
воен. ист. «Армия пустыни» -
14 ♦ defeat
♦ defeat /dɪˈfi:t/n.sconfitta; disfatta: to suffer a defeat, subire una sconfitta; The bill suffered a narrow defeat, il disegno di legge non è passato per poco; to admit (o to concede) defeat, riconoscere la sconfitta; to inflict a defeat on sb., infliggere una sconfitta a q.; to sustain a defeat, subire una sconfitta; a crushing defeat, una sconfitta clamorosa; a humiliating defeat, una sconfitta umiliante; the defeat of the rebel army, la sconfitta dell'esercito ribelle● ( sport) away defeat, sconfitta in trasferta (o fuori casa) □ ( sport) home defeat, sconfitta in casa.♦ (to) defeat /dɪˈfi:t/v. t.1 sconfiggere; vincere: to defeat an army [the enemy], sconfiggere un esercito [il nemico]; The government could be defeated at the coming election, il governo potrebbe perdere alle prossime elezioni; ( calcio) We were defeated on penalties, abbiamo perso ai rigori2 essere troppo difficile per: The question defeated me, la domanda era troppo difficile per me; The selection process defeats all but the most determined, solo i più determinati superano il processo di selezione3 vanificare: to defeat sb. 's plans, vanificare i progetti di q.; to defeat the object of the exercise, vanificare lo scopo dell'esercizio4 respingere: The bill was defeated in the House of Commons, ai Comuni il disegno di legge è stato respinto. -
15 ♦ effective
♦ effective /ɪˈfɛktɪv/A a.1 efficace: effective measures to curb inflation, provvedimenti efficaci per tenere a freno l'inflazione3 effettivo; reale; di fatto: The rebel army is in effective control of the region, l'esercito ribelle ha il controllo effettivo della regione (o controlla di fatto la regione); (fin.) effective yield, rendimento effettivo; (econ.) effective demand, domanda effettiva; (mil.) effective range of a gun, portata effettiva d'un cannone5 (mil.) in assetto di guerraB n.(mil.) effettivoeffectivenessn. [u] -
16 oppose
1. v противиться, сопротивляться; быть против2. v бороться, сопротивляться, противостоять3. v препятствовать, мешать, противодействовать4. v возражать, не соглашаться, выступать против5. v тж. придерживаться противоположных взглядов6. v противопоставлять; сравнивать, сопоставлять7. v быть в оппозиции; выступать в оппозицииСинонимический ряд:1. check (verb) check; hinder; obstruct; prevent; thwart2. defend (verb) defend; uphold3. fight (verb) battle; buck; challenge; combat; confront; contest; contravene; counter; dispute; duel; encounter; fight; match; pit; play off; repel; resist; traverse; vie; violate; withstand4. object (verb) argue; contradict; debate; defy; disapprove; object; protest5. pit (verb) counter; match; pit; play off6. reverse (verb) neutralise; neutralize; reverse; turn the tables7. revolt (verb) mutiny; rebel; revolt; secedeАнтонимический ряд:advocate; aid; applaud; approve; attest; certify; coalesce; collude; combine; commend; concur; confirm; conspire; cooperate -
17 revolt
rə'vəult
1. verb1) (to rebel (against a government etc): The army revolted against the dictator.) rebelarse/sublevarse2) (to disgust: His habits revolt me.) dar asco, repugnar
2. noun1) (the act of rebelling: The peasants rose in revolt.) revuelta2) (a rebellion.) revuelta•- revolted- revolting
revolt1 n rebelión / revuelta / sublevaciónrevolt2 vb rebelarse / sublevarsetr[rɪ'vəʊlt]1 (rising) revuelta, rebelión nombre femenino1 (disgust) repugnarrevolt [ri'vo:lt] vi1) rebel: rebelarse, sublevarse2)to revolt at : sentir repugnancia porrevolt vtdisgust: darle asco (a alguien), repugnarrevolt nrebellion: rebelión f, revuelta f, sublevación fn.• levantamiento s.m.• pueblada s.f.• rebelión s.f.• revuelta s.f.• revuelto s.m.• sublevación s.f.v.• dar asco a v.• rebelarse v.• repugnar v.• sublevar v.• sublevarse v.rɪ'vəʊlt
I
mass & count noun revuelta f, levantamiento m, sublevación fto rise up in revolt against somebody/something — sublevarse or alzarse* contra alguien/algo
II
1.
to revolt (AGAINST somebody/something) — sublevarse or alzarse* (contra alguien/algo)
2.
vt darle* asco a[rɪ'vǝʊlt]1.N (=insurrection) levantamiento m, revuelta f, sublevación f ; (=rejection of authority) rebelión fa popular revolt — un levantamiento or una revuelta popular
southern cities are in (open) revolt against the regime — las ciudades del sur se han sublevado contra el régimen
students are in (open) revolt against the new examination system — los estudiantes se han rebelado contra el nuevo sistema de exámenes
to rise (up) in revolt — sublevarse, rebelarse
2.VT (=disgust) dar asco a, repugnarI was revolted by the sight — la escena me dio asco or me repugnó
3.VI (=rebel) sublevarse, rebelarse ( against contra)* * *[rɪ'vəʊlt]
I
mass & count noun revuelta f, levantamiento m, sublevación fto rise up in revolt against somebody/something — sublevarse or alzarse* contra alguien/algo
II
1.
to revolt (AGAINST somebody/something) — sublevarse or alzarse* (contra alguien/algo)
2.
vt darle* asco a -
18 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
19 revolt
[rə'vəult] 1. verb1) (to rebel (against a government etc): The army revolted against the dictator.) gøre oprør2) (to disgust: His habits revolt me.) oprøre2. noun1) (the act of rebelling: The peasants rose in revolt.) oprør2) (a rebellion.) oprør•- revolted- revolting* * *[rə'vəult] 1. verb1) (to rebel (against a government etc): The army revolted against the dictator.) gøre oprør2) (to disgust: His habits revolt me.) oprøre2. noun1) (the act of rebelling: The peasants rose in revolt.) oprør2) (a rebellion.) oprør•- revolted- revolting -
20 revolt
1. intransitive verb2) (feel revulsion) sich sträuben (at, against, from gegen)2. transitive verb 3. nounbe or rise in revolt — revoltieren; aufbegehren (geh.)
* * *[rə'vəult] 1. verb1) (to rebel (against a government etc): The army revolted against the dictator.) revoltieren2) (to disgust: His habits revolt me.) empören2. noun1) (the act of rebelling: The peasants rose in revolt.) die Revolte2) (a rebellion.) die Revolte•- academic.ru/62134/revolted">revolted- revolting* * *re·volt[rɪˈvəʊlt, AM -ˈvoʊlt]I. vi rebellieren, revoltierenII. vt▪ to \revolt sb jdn abstoßenthe way he eats \revolts me die Art, wie er isst, widert mich anIII. n\revolt against the government Regierungsputsch marmed \revolt bewaffneter Aufstandto start a \revolt eine Revolte anfangen▪ to be in \revolt [against sb/sth] [gegen jdn/etw] rebellierento rise in \revolt [against sb/sth] einen Aufstand [gegen jdn/etw] machen, sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] erheben* * *[rɪ'vəʊlt]1. nEmpörung f, Revolte f, Aufstand m2. vi1) (= rebel) (against gegen) revoltieren, rebellieren2) (= be disgusted) (at, against bei, gegen) (one's nature, sensibilities) sich empören; (stomach) rebellieren3. vtabstoßen, anekeln (inf)I was revolted by it — es hat mich angeekelt (inf) or abgestoßen
* * *revolt [rıˈvəʊlt]A s1. Revolte f, Aufruhr m, Aufstand m:be in (a state of) revolt sich in Aufruhr befinden;break out in revolt sich erheben2. (innere) Empörung, Abscheu m/f:B v/i1. a) revoltieren, sich auflehnen ( beide:against gegen)2. fig empört sein (at über akk), Widerwillen empfinden (at bei, gegen), sich sträuben oder empören (against, at gegen)C v/t fig empören, mit Abscheu erfüllen, abstoßen:be revolted → B 2* * *1. intransitive verb2) (feel revulsion) sich sträuben (at, against, from gegen)2. transitive verb 3. nounbe or rise in revolt — revoltieren; aufbegehren (geh.)
* * *n.Auflehnung f.Aufstand -¨e m.Putsch -e m. v.auflehnen v.putschen v.rebellieren v.
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